A novel photon-based proton model is developed. A proton’s ground state is assumed to be coherent to the degree that all of its mass-energy precipitates into a single uncharged spherical structure. A quantum vortex, initiated by the strong force, but sustained in the proton’s ground state by the circular Unruh effect and a spherical Rindler horizon, is proposed to confine the proton’s mass-energy in its ground state. A direct connection between the circular Unruh effect, the zitterbewegung effect, spin, and general (...) relativity is proposed. Such a structure acts as an uncharged zitterbewegung fermion, and may explain neutrino mass. A ground-state proton’s central zitterbewegung fermion is assumed to be surrounded by a halo of charge shells of both signs. Virtual photon standing waves are assumed to synchronize the inner shell with the central zitterbewegung fermion. The charge shells are proposed to be associated with isospin and proton g-factor. There are only two model inputs—proton mass and quantized electronic charge—and just one adjustable parameter. The adjustable parameter, reduced only by about 0.4% from an initial estimate, provides the proton’s experimentally determined magnetic moment to arbitrary precision. The resulting modeled proton charge radius agrees very well with the 2018 CODATA value. Magnetic moment and charge radius are calculated algebraically in a manner easily understood by undergraduate physics students. This proposed ground-state proton model could be considered a low-energy approximation to a full quantum chromodynamical proton model. (shrink)

Spiel und Arbeit gelten oft als Gegensätze: Das Spiel als freie Betätigung menschlicher Vermögen, die Arbeit als deren Subordination unter einen äußeren Zweck. Die Festlegung des Spiels auf konsequenzlose Wiederholbarkeit hat ihm den Ruf des Unernsten eingetragen, während das Abzwecken der Arbeit auf die Nützlichkeit ihres Resultats im Bund mit der Sorge ums Dasein steht. Auf einen zweiten Blick scheint dieser Gegensatz jedoch, gerade in den hochentwickeltsten Ausprägungen beider Tätigkeitsformen, zu verschwinden. So kann eine hochgradige Rationalisierung von Spielpraktiken in Arbeit (...) umschlagen, wie etwa im Leistungssport, oder ein komplexer Arbeitsvorgang selbstzweckhafte Momente und Eigendynamiken gewinnen, die ihm Spielcharakter verleihen. Auch andere technologische Entwicklungen geben Anlass dazu, das Verhältnis von Spiel und Arbeit noch einmal grundsätzlich zu bedenken, etwa im Hinblick auf: adaptive Systeme in der Robotik, serious games, Kreativitätstechniken in Unternehmenskulturen, wissenschaftliche Experimentalanordnungen, Online-Rollenspiele oder die Kommodifizierung nicht-zweckrationaler Lebensvollzüge, die traditionell vom Begriff produktiver Arbeit ausgeschlossen waren – einschließlich der Spielräume, die durch neue Umwelt- und Biotechniken erschlossen werden. Die Beschaffenheit der jeweils zum Einsatz kommenden Mittel und Verfahren sowie die Setzung, Variation oder Preisgabe von Zwecken können den Charakter von Spiel und Arbeit sowie ihr Verhältnis zueinander bestimmen oder verändern. Mit Beiträgen von Francesco Amigoni, Andreas Brenneis, Petra Gehring, Armin Grunwald, Florian Heßdörfer, Wolfram Ette, Christoph Hubig, Andreas Kaminski, Nicole C. Karafyllis, Christian Klager, Alexander Kluge, Uwe Küster, Oliver Laas, Hildrun Lampe, Pieter Lemmens, Stefan Meißner, Alfred Nordmann, Felix Raczkowski, Markus Rautzenberg, Michael Resch, Nicole J. Saam, Viola Schiaffonati, Alexander Schmidl, Jan C. Schmidt und G. Günter Voß. (shrink)

Background Neuroscientific approaches have historically triggered changes in the conception of creativity and artistic experience, which can be revealed by noting the intersection of these fields of study in terms of variables such as global trends, methodologies, objects of study, or application of new technologies; however, these neuroscientific approaches are still often considered as disciplines detached from the arts and humanities. In this light, the question arises as to what evidence the history of neurotechnologies provides at the intersection of creativity (...) and aesthetic experience. Methods We conducted a century-long bibliometric analysis of key parameters in multidisciplinary studies published in the Scopus database. Screening techniques based on the PRISMA method and advanced data analysis techniques were applied to 3612 documents metadata from the years 1922 to 2022. We made graphical representations of the results applying algorithmic and clusterization processes to keywords and authors relationships. Results From the analyses, we found a) a shift from a personality-focus quantitative analysis to a field-focus qualitative approach, considering topics such as art, perception, aesthetics and beauty; b) The locus of interest in fMRI-supported neuroanatomy has been shifting toward EEG technologies and models based on machine learning and deep learning in recent years; c) four main clusters were identified in the study approaches: humanistic, creative, neuroaesthetic and medical; d) the neuroaesthetics cluster is the most central and relevant, mediating between creativity and neuroscience; e) neuroaesthetics and neuroethics are two of the neologism that better characterizes the challenges that this convergence of studies will have in the next years. Conclusions Through a longitudinal analysis, we evidenced the great influence that neuroscience is having on the thematic direction of the arts and humanities. The perspective presented shows how this field is being consolidated and helps to define it as a new opportunity of great potential for future researchers. (shrink)

Reviewed Works:Tomek Bartoszynski, Marion Scheepers, Set Theory, Annual Boise Extravaganza in Set Theory Conference, March 13-15, 1992, April 10-11, 1993, March 25-27, 1994, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho.R. Aharoni, A. Hajnal, E. C. Milner, Interval Covers of a Linearly Ordered Set.Eyal Amir, Haim Judah, Souslin Absoluteness, Uniformization and Regularity Properties of Projective Sets.Tomek Bartoszynski, Ireneusz Reclaw, Not Every $\gamma$-Set is Strongly Meager.Andreas Blass, Reductions Between Cardinal Characteristics of the Continuum.Claude Laflamme, Filter Games and Combinatorial Properties of Strategies.R. Daniel Mauldin, (...) Analytic non-Borel Sets Modulo Null Sets.Janusz Pawlikowski, Laver's Forcing and Outer Measure.Marion Scheepers, Meager Sets and Infinite Games.Saharon Shelah, On Some Problems in General Topology.Saharon Shelah, Remarks on $\aleph_1$-CWH not CWH First Countable Spaces.Juris Steprans, Cardinal Invariants Associated with Hausdorff Capacities. (shrink)

Author: Koepke Ireneusz Title: ANDRZEJ WALICKI AND “WARSAW SCHOOL OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS” (Andrzej Walicki i „warszawska szkoła historyków (historii) idei”) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2005, vol:.5, number: 2005/1, pages: 259-276 Keywords: ANDRZEJ WALICKI, WARSAW SCHOOL OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:This article is an attempt of presenting Andrzej Walicki connections with the so called Warsaw School of the History of Ideas and his research (...) on basic methodological issues created by this “school”, which are linked with the history of ideas and the history of philosophy. The most important are research rules which has been used by A. Walicki, and their consequences on his intellectual work as well as some critical remarks. (shrink)

Author: Ziemiński Ireneusz Title: PHILOSOPHY AS MEDITATIO MORTIS (PLATO AND MONTAIGNE) (Filozofia jako meditatio mortis (Platon – Montaigne)) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2006, vol:.6, number: 2006/1, pages: 43-58 Keywords: MEDITATIO MORTIS, DEATH, PLATO, MONTAIGNE Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The idea of philosophy as meditatio mortis is illustrated with the examples of Plato’s and Montaigne’s views. According to Plato, life within body is a kind of evil, and death is the (...) way of release and return to divine life. Philosophy regarded as seeking the truth is at the same time an exercise in dying because it consists in taking off reason from body and senses. Philosophy as meditatio mortis is then preparing to true and eternal life. According to Montaigne, death is the necessary end of human existence, which we should accept without reservation and fear. Philosophy lies in preparing to death as a natural biological event, common to all living creatures. Human dying should be liberated from all ceremonies and cultural rituals because they are the main reasons of our fear and prevent us from accepting death as a natural event. (shrink)

Author: Ziemiński Ireneusz Title: “BECAUSE THOU HAST NOT ASKED FOR THYSELF LONG LIFE...” AN ATTEMPT AT PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF SALOMON’S DREAM („Nie błagałeś dla siebie o długie życie...” – próba filozoficznej interpretacji snu Salomona) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2005, vol:.5, number: 2005/1, pages: 33-43 Keywords: SALOMON, HUMAN CONDITION, GOD FOR LONG LIFE Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The author of the article presents biblical Salomon as a man who does not (...) ask God for long life. Salomon can understand his own human condition as a mortal being. This understanding is the ground of human wisdom. To be a human being is to be a mortal being. (shrink)

The article is a critical commentary on Peter Singer’s thesis that the brain death definition should be replaced by a rule outlining the conditions permitting organ harvesting from patients who are biologically alive but are no longer persons. Largely agreeing with the position, I believe it can be justified not only on the basis of utilitarian arguments, but also those based on Kantian ethics and Christianity. However, due to the lack of reliable methods diagnosing complete and irreversible loss of consciousness, (...) we should refrain from implementing upper brain death into medical practice. Organs also should not be harvested from people in a persistent vegetative state or from anencephalic children, for similar reasons. At the same time, patients who suffered from whole-brain death should not be artificially sustained; in light of current knowledge they can be declared dead and become organ donors. (shrink)

The paper is a discussion of Tomasz Polak’s book System kościelny, czyli przewagi pana K. [The Church System, or the Dominance of Mr. K.]. The author emphasizes the significance of Polak’s book not only for religious studies, given especially his original thesis about Christianity’s atheistic core, but also for other fields within humanities, dealing with the origins, development and fall of non-religious myths, social or national.

The article aims to answer the question whether philosophy of religion can fulfil its research goals, that is discover the essence of religion, find out if any one of them is true and if faith and religious behavior are rational. In the face of a multitude of religions it is difficult to point to any common elements which makes it harder to discover the essence of religion. Trying to prove the consistency of the concept of God as an object of (...) religion and either His/Her existence or non-existence faces similar problems; this makes it impossible to conclusively decide whether religion is true or not. Therefore, it is also difficult to settle whether religious faith is rational or irrational. However, this failure does not deny the cognitive value of philosophy of religion, which can analyze various religious doctrines as it relates to their consistency, truthfulness, or the rationality of following them. (shrink)

In the paper, several data reduction techniques for machine learning from big datasets are discussed and evaluated. The discussed approach focuses on combining several techniques including stacking, rotation, and data reduction aimed at improving the performance of the machine classification. Stacking is seen as the technique allowing to take advantage of the multiple classification models. The rotation-based techniques are used to increase the heterogeneity of the stacking ensembles. Data reduction makes it possible to classify instances belonging to big datasets. We (...) propose to use an agent-based population learning algorithm for data reduction in the feature and instance dimensions. For diversification of the classifier ensembles within the rotation also, alternatively, principal component analysis and independent component analysis are used. The research question addressed in the paper is formulated as follows: does the performance of a classifier using the reduced dataset be improved by integrating the data reduction mechanism with the rotation-based technique and the stacking? (shrink)

RubisCO is Earth's main enzyme responsible for CO2 fixation via carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate into organic matter. Besides the carboxylation reaction, RubisCO also catalyzes the oxygenation of RuBP by O2, which is probably as old as its carboxylation properties. Based on molecular phylogeny, the occurrence of the reactive oxygen species -removing system and kinetic properties of different RubisCO forms, we postulated that RubisCO oxygenase activity appeared in local microoxic areas, yet before the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis. Here, in reviewing the literature, (...) we present a novel hypothesis: the RubisCO early oxygenase activity hypothesis. This hypothesis may be compared with the exaptation hypothesis, according to which latent RubisCO oxygenase properties emerged later during the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere. The reconstruction of ancestral RubisCO forms using ancestral sequence reconstruction techniques, as a promising way for testing of RubisCO early oxygenase activity hypothesis, is presented. RubisCO catalyzes carboxylation and oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Carboxylating properties of RubisCO are an ancient way for CO2 fixation into organic matter. However, an evolutionary importance of oxygenase activity of RubisCO remains enigmatic. Here, we formulated RubisCO early oxygenase activity hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, RubisCO oxygenase activity appeared yet before the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis. (shrink)

The article tries to explain Wittgenstein’s thesis “death is not an event in life.” Death is neither a positive nor a negative fact, but a one-time event. Death is an event, which, not belonging to the world, constitutes the limit of all possible experience, and as such, it is inaccessible to any form of consciousness. While constituting the end of the subject as a prerequisite of the world, death is also the final annihilation of existence as such. The above analysis (...) shows that Wittgenstein is a transcendental idealist. According to him death is not an event in life because: (1) it is the death of the subject, and the transcendental subject does not belong to the world, (2) the transcendental subject is a condition of the world, so the death of the subject is the end of the world. (shrink)

Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji poglądów Stanisława Judyckiego na temat człowieka. Zdaniem Judyckiego główną cechą charakteryzującą ludzki byt jest niezgoda na skończoność i śmierć, podstawowym zaś dążeniem — życie wieczne po śmierci. Drogę ku temu celowi wskazuje religia chrześcijańska, zwłaszcza idea Wcielenia Chrystusa, objawiająca z jednej strony uczłowieczenie Boga, z drugiej — przebóstwienie człowieka. Można zatem powiedzieć, że Judycki uprawia chrystologię filozoficzną, chcąc uczynić z chrześcijaństwa religię racjonalną i uniwersalną. Autor artykułu nie podziela religijnego i filozoficznego optymizmu Judyckiego, opowiadając się za (...) sceptycyzmem (w epistemologii), materializmem (w filozofii człowieka), panteizmem (w metafizyce) oraz moralnym sceptycyzmem w religii (zło istniejące w świecie falsyfikuje wiarę w istnienie doskonale dobrego Boga); równocześnie jednak autor podziwia intelektualny wysiłek racjonalizacji wiary chrześcijańskiej, podjęty przez Stanisława Judyckiego, który jest jednym z najbardziej oryginalnych filozofów religii w ostatnich latach. (shrink)

The subject of the article is the moral and religious ambiguity of St. Paul’s conversion; rabbi Saul of Tarsus, who had previously been a persecutor of Christians, encountered a resurrected Jesus and proceeded to accept Him as the Messiah, becoming a zealous apostle. On one hand, the moral meaning of his conversion is a positive one, as it shows that even the worst villain can receive God’s forgiveness if they understand their mistake and change their behavior. On the other, however, (...) Paul’s case suggests that God’s mercy is an injustice—it shows that ceasing to do evil and accepting the true faith is enough to avoid punishment for previous evil deeds. The religious meaning of conversion is similarly ambiguous; on one hand God is merciful because He forgave a person who persecuted His followers because he understood his mistake, converted, and accepted the true faith. However, there is an injustice here; converted sinners and Christ’s persecutors may receive salvation given that they are baptized and join the Church, meanwhile people who are moral but do not believe in God and were not baptized cannot be saved despite never having committed any atrocity. (shrink)

Tematem artykułu jest symbolika krzyża i miecza, wyznaczająca dzieje chrześcijaństwa. Jan Dobraczyński w powieściowej biografii apostoła Pawła wskazuje, że pierwotnym symbolem żydowskiego mesjasza miał być miecz, który wyzwoli naród wybrany spod władzy cesarstwa rzymskiego. Jezus tę ideę zmienił w ideę pokoju i miłości, której zwieńczeniem była jego zbawcza śmierć za grzeszników; w ten sposób miecz został zastąpiony krzyżem. Z tego powodu chrześcijaństwo można uznać za religię krzyża,a nie miecza, w której dobrowolna ofiara zastępuje przemoc; odkąd jednak stało się ono oficjalną (...) religią cesarstwa, było wykorzystywane jako ideowe usprawiedliwienie prześladowania wyznawców kultów pogańskich. W ten sposób nie tylko wróciło do miecza, lecz wprost zastąpiło krzyż mieczem, a nawet uświęciło krzyż jako miecz. Symbolicznym potwierdzeniem takiej interpretacji dziejów chrześcijaństwa jest końcowa scena powieści Dobraczyńskiego Święty miecz, w której apostoł – chrzcząc rzymskiego żołnierza – zamiast krzyża daje mu do pocałowania miecz. (shrink)

The book is not only dedicated to linguists, but also to readers who are not familiar with notations developed in linguistics. The first part of the study presents philosophical justifications for linguistic settlements. These are based on the phenomenological reduction of Edmund Husserl, Karl R. Popper's falsificationism, the moderate rationalism of science of Izydora Dąmbska and Andrzej Bogusławski's lack of the nomological explanation in linguistics. The second part presents a re-examination of the solutions proposed in the field of linguistics, some (...) new philosophical explanations and a discussion of the truth of linguistic propositions. (shrink)

Christianization of Polish territories, according to the Western rite, incorporated these lands into the Western European civilization and emerging there political and legal doctrines, which were used in creating Polish political-legal thought. At the time of establishing social bonds and structures of the state, the political elite came into being and the Polish political thought developed. It corresponded with the main political thought and ideas of the West, but the Polish ideas displayed characteristics, necessary for protecting the Polish raison d’etat. (...) Development of political thought, original and particular for Polish conditions, dissimilar from the main European trends, may be a testimony to richness of intellectual and political ideas of past Polish generations. It was this political thought, that allowed the Polish national identity to survive, and caused that the fight for political independence was successful. Many contemporary researchers, including those from Western Europe, see influences of the past political ideas in the contemporary attitudes of Poles. (shrink)

In the paper, several data reduction techniques for machine learning from big datasets are discussed and evaluated. The discussed approach focuses on combining several techniques including stacking, rotation, and data reduction aimed at improving the performance of the machine classification. Stacking is seen as the technique allowing to take advantage of the multiple classification models. The rotation-based techniques are used to increase the heterogeneity of the stacking ensembles. Data reduction makes it possible to classify instances belonging to big datasets. We (...) propose to use an agent-based population learning algorithm for data reduction in the feature and instance dimensions. For diversification of the classifier ensembles within the rotation also, alternatively, principal component analysis and independent component analysis are used. The research question addressed in the paper is formulated as follows: does the performance of a classifier using the reduced dataset be improved by integrating the data reduction mechanism with the rotation-based technique and the stacking? (shrink)

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz: about cognition -- Roman Ingarden: about the existence of the world -- Józef Maria Bocheński: on communism -- Rev. Józef Tischner: about the ethics of solidarity -- Kazimierz Twardowski: about happiness.

The article presents Izydora Dąmbska’s take on the relationship between death anxiety and culture. According to Dąmbska, human culture is built on the foundation of death anxiety, which is the source of scientific and philosophical theories, religious systems, and works of art. All attempts to overcome (or at least weaken) death anxiety remain ineffective, making culture a tragic undertaking.Thus, on one hand, culture is necessary because that is where we turn to in our pursuits to find an antidote to death. (...) On the other, it is ineffective since it fails to eliminate both death and death anxiety. (shrink)

Chrześcijaństwo od początku było zgorszeniem dla Żydów i głupstwem dla pogan (1 Kor 1, 23), wyznawcy judaizmu bowiem nie mogli zaakceptować mesjasza umierającego haniebną śmiercią na krzyżu, a Grecy widzieli w nowej religii nieracjonalny mit. Z kolei Rzymianie prześladowali chrześcijan z racji politycznych, widząc w nich zagrożenie dla władzy cesarza. Odkąd jednak chrześcijaństwo stało się religią państwową, jego wyznawcy zaczęli prześladować inne wyznania jako rzekome bałwochwalstwo.Współczesny spór z chrześcijaństwem ma charakter moralny. Z jednej strony dotyczy okrucieństwa Boga, który zbawia świat (...) przez mękę i śmierć swego niewinnego syna, z drugiej – naczelnej zasady etycznej chrześcijaństwa, jaką jest przykazanie miłości bliźniego. (shrink)

Czy Bóg jest dobry? Na marginesie książki Dariusza Łukasiewicza Opatrzność Boża, wolność, przypadek Podstawowym problemem książki Dariusza Łukasiewicza jest kwestia natury Boga, przede wszystkim pytanie, czy jest On bytem doskonale dobrym. Jeśli jest doskonale dobry, to powinien zawsze uczynić to, co w danych warunkach najlepsze lub – jeśli nie ma możliwości czynienia dobra – z dwu lub więcej alternatyw wybierze tę, która jest najmniej zła. W argumentacji rozwijanej w artykule staram się pokazać, że dobroci Boga nie da się wykazać ani (...) a priori, ani a posteriori. Argumenty a priori są niewystarczające, ponieważ z takich ontologicznych cech Boga, jak prostota, konieczność czy nieskończoność dobroć moralna nie wynika. Podobnie moralna dobroć nie wynika z wszechmocy ani wszechwiedzy. Raczej przeciwnie, wszechmoc oraz wszechwiedza mogą być przeszkodą w dobroci moralnej; skoro bowiem Bóg wie wszystko, co jest logicznie możliwe wiedzieć, a także może uczynić wszystko, co jest logicznie możliwe uczynić, to powinien nie tylko zło znać, lecz także móc je czynić. Argumenty a posteriori są niewystarczające z powodu ogromu zła obecnego w świecie; przykładem jest naturalne i nieuchronne zło obecne w przyrodzie, wynikające stąd, że jedne gatunki są pokarmem dla innych. Jeśli zatem Bóg rzeczywiście stworzył świat, to nie był wrażliwy na cierpienie istot, które powołał do istnienia, zwłaszcza, że w zamieszkiwanym przez nas świecie istnieje wiele zła. (shrink)